A new large-scale study has challenged the longstanding belief that moderate alcohol consumption, such as a daily glass of wine, might be beneficial for brain health. The research shows that any amount of alcohol intake — even occasional or light drinking — is associated with an increased risk of dementia.
Dementia is a progressive condition that affects memory, thinking, and behavior, with Alzheimer’s disease being the most common form. As the global population ages, understanding the risk factors for this condition has become increasingly important.
The study, carried out by researchers in the United States and the United Kingdom, analyzed health data from more than 559,000 adults aged 56 to 72. Participants were followed over several years — until they developed dementia, died, or the study period ended. Around 14,500 individuals were diagnosed with dementia during this time.
Crucially, the study used both traditional observational methods and Mendelian randomization — a genetic approach that strengthens the ability to draw cause-and-effect conclusions. While the initial data suggested a U-shaped curve — implying higher risks among heavy drinkers and non-drinkers — the genetic analysis revealed a clear, consistent rise in dementia risk with increasing alcohol consumption, with no level of drinking offering protection.
Even small amounts had measurable effects. Just one to three drinks per week increased dementia risk by 15%, while a genetic predisposition to alcohol dependence raised the risk by about 16%.
These findings are in line with guidance from the World Health Organization, which maintains that no level of alcohol consumption is safe. According to the WHO, drinking alcohol — even in modest amounts — can negatively impact the brain, liver, heart, sleep, and overall health.
Interestingly, the study also noted that individuals often reduced their alcohol intake in the years leading up to a dementia diagnosis. This suggests that early cognitive decline may lead to decreased drinking, possibly explaining why previous studies falsely implied that moderate drinking had protective effects.
The research covered diverse populations, though the strongest patterns were observed among people of European descent. Still, the risk trend remained consistent across ethnicities.
The conclusion is stark: there is no “safe” level of alcohol when it comes to brain health. Researchers emphasize that reducing alcohol consumption may be a critical step in lowering the risk of dementia and preserving cognitive function as we age.
